Let The Games Begin

Outline the Main Geographical Processes relevant to Coastal Management.
The main geographical processes are both good and bad. One huge problem with coastal management is pollution. Pollution of waste and anything is cuasing the coast to be rather dirty and is causing problems. The waste zone is where all the waste is more likely to occur the coastal hinderland and the inner continental shelf and anything between. The waste ruins the habitats for the fauna and flora of the beach life and it can effect tourism and any other type of publicity.
Sustainable management is using resources in a way that will meet the needs of the present population without endangering the furture generations' needs.
Long shore drift is the movement of sand, also known as deposition. Long shore drift is where the sand and any other material is moved down the coast/ shore.
Erosion is also a problem and that is when the sand underneath beach houses are eroded and then the houses may fall and slide or slide down the shore.

Practice Exam Paper Questions- Question 24

Question 1- Explain Australia's regional and global links with one nation from two of the following areas: aid, defence, migration, trade etc. 
Australia has quite a few regional and global links with other nations; they are based on different following areas. Two of its nations are:
Migration- Australia's links to do with migration are Malaysia and Indonesia. Australia for the past few years have been getting up to 6879 asylum seekers throughout a year. In 2009 there were 61 boats and 2849 people in total for the year. In 2010 there were 134 boats and 6879 asylum seekers in total for the whole year; and then in 2011 there was 28 boats and 1675 asylum seekers in total for the whole year. 
Aid- Australia's links to do with aid are the US and the UK. Australia and the US have a really close relationship together; the US provides Australia with protection in return for Australia to assist in any help required from the US.

Question 2- Examine the future challenges and responses for Australia to EITHER Human Rights OR Reconciliation OR Future population.
Australia faces quite a few challenges in the future; however one of the biggest challenges is that in the future, the population of Australia is going to increase dramatically. The population of Australia is going to be so high because of refugees and illegal immigrants; the population will increase that the offspring of Australian Citizens generation now will not be able to buy any space in the cities because it will all be taken because of the immigrants.

Question 3- Outline Australia's changing regional role and/ or global role in relation to the role of non- government organisations.
Australia's changing regional role and/ or global role in relation to the role of non- government organisations isn't very changing, Australia would have exceptions but they wouldn't completely change their systems. Australia couldn't just change their role but they could however help a little bit, otherwise it would be unfair to Australian citizens.

Defence Set to Give US more Military

1. Shared facilities are expected to include HMAS Stirling naval base in Western Australia, an army base in Townsville as the primary location for operations, the port of Darwin and the Bradshaw Field Training Area in the Northern Territory. However it will mean that the Americans will not just be offered space on a base, they will be there with what Defence calls "full knowledge and concurrence" with full access to intelligence and maintenance facilities.
2. At AUSMIN, Defence Minister Stephen Smith will meet his counterpart, US Defence Secretary Leon Panetta. It is not clear whether Foreign Minister Kevin Rudd will attend.
3. The country that the US was reacting to the most is probably China.
4. As US planners looking for ways to move forces around the world more effectively broke the globe down into regions, Australian officials worked closely with them on the Asia-Pacific.
5. Other key areas for discussion at the talks will be cyber security, progress in Afghanistan and the state of the Joint Strike Fighter project. Australia plans to buy up to 100 of the revolutionary multi-role jets to replace the RAAF's F-111 bombers, retired last year, and its F/A-18 Hornets.
6. It does mean that Australia is thinking ahead in life and is thinking about the future and getting prepared just encase there is any reasons that there would be war.

GO BACK TO WHERE YOU CAME FROM! REFLECTION

My initial reaction to the show 'Go Back to Where You Came From' was actually a great idea, however I didn't really like the sound of the show, as it sounds quite racist. I must say, I am not racist to immigrants but I must agree with these people, they are leaving their country and coming to Australia, but they are making Australia's population bigger and there will soon be no more space for people who have children because all of the available space will have been taken up, and even all the parks etc. will have been taken up because of the immigrants. I do understand that they are getting away from the horror's and the problems that are occurring in their country.

Only 3% of immigrants are refugees however it is increasing, but there are 93% of persons come only for a holiday or to live but they pay, and they come via plane and pay all the visas that are involved. 

Such a small number of people make such a big deal because most of the people don't want them here because they all had to pay to live here and the refugees are just arriving without having to pay and are just living in Australia without any fees whilst everyone else has to pay. That is why not mant people like them, and want them to stop from coming over.

Australia doesn't accept to many, they accept a couple a thousand a year, but there are plenty which are sent either back to where they came from or they are sent to Christmas Island or Malaysia. 

I agree with Australia by helping others in other countries but they should help the homeless and the people having problems here in Australia before they allow bringing in a lot of refugees; like helping some people from other countries is fine but not helping their own country before helping a lot of others isn't really the way to go. We should help the other people having problems in other countries but as said we should help our own people as well.

Refugees if accepted get a whole lot of support, way more than actual Australian citizens; the refugees get money, food, housing, etc. whereas the Australian citizens get nothing (no support from the government) especially for the people who need it.

A lot of of the Asian nations have signed the UN Refugees Convention as they are all working together to try and help the countries that are in trouble and that need help (mostly the countries that are killing a lot of people in their countries causing people to refuge to other safe countries meaning Australia. Sometimes Asian nations also get refugees, and so they don't want to have refugees so they are working together to try and defeat the caause of the reufugees leaving their countries.

Refugees in Malaysia have not signed the UN Refugee Convention because they do not like refugees at all, if Malaysia hets any refugees then they send them to jail or detention centres throughout Malaysia and they treat them so badly, because they still have the cane and so they cane the refugees, and they do a lot of horrible things to the refugees. It means that refugees should not go to Malaysia otherwise they will be sent to detention centres or other horrible things.

Trade- ASEAN

Trade- ASEAN Questions

1. The goal of the ASEAN meeting was to embark on annual meetings to improve and harmonize trade and investment policies as the bloc pursues an integrated regional economy by 2015.
2. ERIA is the Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia and there plans are to draw up plans to review the scorecard for the 2015 ASEAN Economic Community to help countries identify commitments that will deliver the best results toward integration.
3. The AEC is the ASEAN Economic Community and they intend to help countried identify commitments that will deliver the best results towards intergration.
4. The three key areas of focus are on trade and transport, services, investment facilitation.
5. The group plans to meet at least once a year; that is when they are going to hold the dialogue.
6. They intend to keep possible tools members can use to pursue the effective reforms and also a data bank of all regulatory reforms ASEAN has made.
7. The chairman of the meeting last week was Date Lim Jock Hoi, and his title is Brunei Ministry of Foreign Affairs permanent secretary. The population of Brunei is 400, 000 and the GDP is $US 11.47 billion. This compares to Australia because Brunei is way smaller compared to Australia, with Australia having 22, 000, 000 (population) and having $US 924.84 billion.
8. I think economic integration is where trade is fair between the different states of the country such as between Queensland and NSW. This would allow all tarrifs and taxes which are placed upon trade between the states to be removed and make it easier to trade within the country.
9. I think that it is good that trade goes all around the countries and that we all swap trade and everything; that way we can all get something that's different from the country.
   

Military- China

Questions from the Article

1. What does the authour mean when he says that there is a 'strategic shadow' that looms over everything? How does this relate to the US?                                      There is a China dimension behind US President Barack Obama's decision to pull out of Afghanistan more quickly than his generals want. This relates to the US because the US's economic and national interests are centrally engaged, and the China challenge presents itself more strongly.
2. What does the author propose regarding uranium sales to India?                           The author proposes that China lies behind the likely push by Gillard cabinet ministers at December's Labor Party Conference to end the ban on Australian uranium sales to India. This is about the strategic relationship with India.
3. What mistakes does the author say that Gillard has made in the region?                The mistakes that the Gillard has made in the region are on illegal immigrants coming by boat, her East Timor solution, the premature announcement of the Malaysian people-swap deal, and the abrupt suspension of the live cattle trade with Indonesia, were all appalling mistakes made by Gillard against public service advice.
4. How has China save us from these mistakes? China has saved Australia from these mistakes because Southeast Asians are so disturbed by China's massive militarisation, and its aggressive actions in the South China Sea and East China Sea, that they are cleaving close to the US, and close to Australia as well.
5. What does the quote 'cleaving close to the US and close to us' mean?                   The quote 'cleaving close' means that they are clinging to/ that they are sticking to.
6. What has China forced regarding coordination btw Australia and the US? China lies behind the negotiations by Australian and US defence officials for much greater US military involvement in northern Australia. This will mean much more frequent visits by US warships and aircraft to the north, much more frequent joint exercising with our forces and the pre-positioning of US materiel.
7. Who will be conducting the Australia Defense Force Posture review? What were their former posts in the government?                                                               The Australian Defence Force Posture Review will be conducted by two former heads of the Defence Department, Allan Hawke and Ric Smith.
8. What five areas will they focus on?                                                                    The five areas they will focus on are  the rise of the Asia-Pacific and Indian Ocean rim as regions of global strategic significance; the growth of military power projection capabilities in the Asia Pacific; the need for disaster relief in the region; and "energy security and security issues associated with expanding offshore resource exploitation in our northwest and northern approaches".
9. What does the author suggest is the most important part of the review? Why?      The author suggests that the important part of the review is  The offshore area from Darwin west to the Pilbara is one of the greatest resource-rich areas anywhere on the planet because it abuts a part of Australia that is all but depopulated and without onshore infrastructure, including military infrastructure.
10. What does having a stronger military presence in the north of Australia do for the future? More or less conflict? Why?                                                                Having a stronger military presence in the north of Australia would be real dynamic driving this move is a need to support the US military presence in the region against the challenge of China's militarisation, and to put our own forces nearer the action should any nastiness take place. There doesn't necessarily mean that there would be more conflict; it would probably be there just for defence should any nastiness take place.
11. How is China leading an arms race in the Asia Pacific?                                       China is getting ready and well prepared; it is far ahead of Australia in terms of organisation for just in case of anything bad. China now deploys the largest fleet of attack submarines in the world. Australia's premier strategic analyst, Ross Babbage, has written of the fact that China has commissioned more than 40 new subs since 1995, and has nearly 500 fourth-generation fighter-bombers now in service. He cites China's first aircraft carrier, a succession of advanced stealth combat aircraft and a range of extremely sophisticated missile systems and huge numbers of missiles.
12. In 2008, what did Rudd predict for military spending in the region?                     Rudd said Australia needed to be prepared for "huge increases in military spending" here in our own region. He predicts a substantial arms build-up over time.
13. How did Brendan Nelson and Malcolm Turnbull get it wrong regarding China and Rudd get it right?                                                                                                The Liberals under Brendan Nelson and Malcolm Turnbull consistently got China wrong. Turnbull, as opposition leader, said of the white paper that it made no sense for Australia to base its long-term strategic policy on the highly contentious proposition that we are on an inevitable collision course with a militarily aggressive China; and Rudd got it right because he had a better relationship and understood the problem more than the other two did.
14. What does Australia seek to do with China?                                                 Australia seeks to become just like China; it wants to catch up with China and their organizations need to be better to do that.

Govt, Malaysia Sign Asylum Swap Deal Video

Video Questions

1. The deal between Australia and Malaysia includes sending 800 Australian refugees and 4000 Malaysian to Malaysia.
2. The rights that they were said to have respect and will be treated with dignity and will be provided with healthcare and education.
3. Malaysia normally treats illegal immigrants really badly, they are not given any rights to work in Malaysia, they are also placed all together in detention centres and in these centres they are caned as well as not being able to be let out into the community.
4. Children are being sent to Malaysia but will be taken care of, as they are the subject of review about their characteristics and their statuses.
5. The five hundred and over immigrants that arrive in Australia after the 7th May will now be processed in Australia rather than being sent from Australia to Malaysia.
6. The refugee advocates worry about the 800 asylum seekers because only 800 asylum seekers will be accepted (so said) but what happens when more come and so it adds up to more than 800; they will probably let them in, so they can't really give an exact number because there will always be more.
7. The goal of the 'swap' program is to deter asylum seekers from undertaking boat journey's to Australia.
8. I don't think it will work because no matter whether they have to face the Malaysian people because the Australian government sent them; where they have to face the poor treatment and the detention centres.

Military/ US Australia Alliance

Military Questions

1. Steven Smith is the Defence Minister for the Australian government and he works with the Army and defence/ military units. He was recently in Washington DC giving a speech about how the increasing contribution Australia makes to the security of the US.
2. The Brookings Institution that the Australia-US alliance was the indispensable, enduring feature of Australia's strategic and security arrangements; it was in Washington.
3. The role that the Australian/ US Alliance play; Mr Smith said it was unambiguously in Australia's national interest for the US to be active and engaged in the Asia-Pacific, as the region became the world's centre of gravity and as economic, political, military and strategic influence shifted.
4. Australia's global location is important because Australia is located reasonably close to the US and is close to China. Mr Smith said though that the balance of geopolitics is shifting, and Australia is at the southern tier of that central dynamic.
5. Australia has made quite a few contributions within 50 years; so for almost 50 years, through the joint defence facilities in Australia, Australia have made a significant contribution to US national security by hosting or supporting some of the US's most sensitive and critical strategic capabilities.
6. The minister said that the Australian companies said  9000 Australian companies did business in the US. They pay an average wage of $US70,000 ($63,490) per employee per annum and include your largest shopping-centre owner and two of your largest 20 banks.
7. The minister said that Australia is an ally that adds value. Australia is not a consumer of US security who imposes tough choices on the US military and US public policy. Australia adds value, and does so from a vantage point of respect, not dependency.
8. The country that is central to Australia's relationships in the region is China.
9. Australia was positive and optimistic about China's emergence but Beijing had to be more open and transparent. Australia wants, as the Chinese would say, China to emerge into a 'harmonious environment'.
10. I think this is important for Australia because Australia wants lots of allies; just in case of anything bad (like a war or terrorist attack), Australia wants and may need lots of allies to help.

Immigration

Immigration Questions

1. An asylum seeker is someone who has fled/ escaped their own country and seeks to join another country without permission. They sometimes ask apply to the other country's government for protection, and are so called refugee.
2. There are many reasons why they would leave their country and come to Australia but the main reason is because they are looking for a better life, and a safer life in another country; hoping to start over; but most of the time they are running from the dangers that surround them in their home countries or the countries that they are escaping from.
3. The reasons that will allow them to be approved for asylum is that they are retreating from their country to another one because of their such bad treatment, a lot of the time they are in such bad conditions that any place then the place that they were currently from; so because they are in such bad condition Australia can't send them back to where they came from but instead send them to Indonesia where there is this asylum camp; there they have to wait to see Australian officials to state their claim about moving to Australia and if it's valid or acceptable then they may be accepted to live in Australia but if not then they have to figure out what to do.
4. Most of the asylum seekers are coming from Middle Eastern countries such as Iraq, Somalia, Afghan, and Conga. 

Kevin Rudd

1. Kevin Rudd is the foreign minister for Australia, and is essentially the second most important person in the government.
2. Kevin Rudd's concerns are North Korea's nuclear bombs, and the fact that they might send the bombs to Australia; he is worried for the well-being of Australia (especially Northern Australia). 
3. Kevin Rudd was at the ASEAN Regional Forum where he was to express his concerns.
4. The recent act done by North Korea that has Kevin Rudd alarmed and has the region lacking stability is that North Korea bombed (attacked) South Korea and so Kevin Rudd is worried about the safety of Australia.
5. A direct threat according to Kevin Rudd is a straight hit with a nuclear bomb on Australia; a long range missile.
6. I believe Kevin  Rudd is just trying to fix its relationship with North Korea or make sure that there are no misunderstandings and I also believe that Kevin is trying to get the North Korean counterpart to try and stop things that are happening. I think Australia and North Korea obviously don't have a strong friendship and agreement otherwise Kevin would be a little more stable and relaxed. In my opinion, I think North Korea are trying to scare Austraia and making a point that they think that they are the stronger nations now. 
7. Australia has many other allies, but Australia looks as though it is in charge; and it feels as though it is in charge. Other nations probably fear Australia because of the US, and the UK.

Australian Aid

Summary

• In the last 5 years overseas aid budget has doubled.
• By 2015 we will be spending $8 billion a year on helping people overseas.
• There was a report released by Kevin Rudd late last year.
• 
  

  The report is full of good sense about how to allocate and administer all the extra money.
• Spending money in ways that makes no difference doesn't help anyone, and there is no virtue in aid that makes donors feel good but doesn't help the needy.

I think the author is presenting the thought that the overseas aid budget that is given by Australia is too much and that Australia is helping other countries but is not helping its own. I understand it as, people living in Australia is not very happy with Australia as they help other in other countries but don't really help their own.

3. Australia is giving more aid to other countries because they want to make friends with other countries that way if Australia needs aid then the other countries will help Australia, and so if there is a huge terrorist attack they won't target Australia because Australia will be their friends. Doing so, could provide a lot of benefits because Australia will probably get aid from many different countries when in trouble and so a lot of countries will trust Australia. The disadvantage is that Australia isn't really helping their own country, and some countries may not want to accept friendship.

Australian Weather Mapping

1. The pressure system stalled over Australia is a high pressure system which is causing very cool temperatures with a little cloud.

2. Thursday
Sydney- The temperature for Sydney on Thursday varies from 17 degrees Celcius to 19 degrees celcius and should stay the same for the four days, however on Saturday there will be complete sun and the rest will have a few clouds. The air pressure for Sydney is 1020 mb. 
Melbourne- The temperature for Melbourne on Thursday varies from 14 degrees celcius to 18 degrees celcius and should have the same weather for the rest of the four days. On all four of the days the weather will have cloudy skies but not complete cloud. The air pressure for Melbourne is 1028 mb.
Adelaide- The temperature for Adelaide on Thursday varies from 17 degrees celcius to 2l degrees celcius, and on all four of the days there happens to be sun with clouds. The air pressure for Adelaide is 1030 mb.
Brisbane- The temperature for Brisbane on Thursday varies from 21 degrees celcius to 23 degrees celcius with Thursday being complete sun and the other three being cloud and sun. The air pressure for Brisbane is 1018 mb.
Perth- The temperature for Perth on Thursday varies from 26 degrees celcius to 28 degrees celcius, with sun on both Thursday and Saturday, cloudy and sunny on Friday and on Sunday over-cast. The air pressure for Perth is 1024 mb.
Darwin- The temperature for Darwin on Thursday varies from 29 degrees celcius to 32 degrees celcius. The weather in Darwin is said to be sunny for the four days. The air pressure for Darwin is 1016 mb.
Hobart- The temperature for Hobart on Thursday varies from 11 degrees celcius to 14 degrees celcius. Thursday, Friday and Sunday being sunny and cloudy but Saturday being rain. The air pressure for Hobart is 1024 mb.

Friday
Sydney- The temperature for Sydney on Friday will be around 18 degrees celcius, with mostly sun. The air pressure for Sydney is 1018 mb.
Adelaide- The temperature for Adelaide on Friday will be around 19 degrees celcius, with mostly sun. The air pressure is 1027 mb.
Melbourne- The temperature for Melbourne on Friday will be around 14 degrees celcius but will rise to 18 degrees celcius and then fall back down to 16 degrees celcius, with cloudy but sunny weather. The air pressure is 1027 mb. 
Brisbane- The temperature for Brisbane on Friday will be around 22 degrees celcius, with full sun. The air pressure is 1016 mb. 
Perth- The temperature for Perth on Friday will be around 26 degrees celcius with sun. The air pressure is 1024 mb.
Darwin- The temperature for Darwin on Friday will be around 32 degrees celcius with sun. The air pressure is 1012 mb
Hobart- The temperature for Hobart on Friday will be around 11 to 16 degrees celcius, with clouds. The air pressure is 1024 mb.

Saturday
Sydney- The temperature for Sydney on Satruday will be around 18 degrees celcius with sun and a bit cloudy. The air pressure is 1018 mb.
Melbourne- The temperature for Melbourne on Satruday will be around 14- 18 degrees celcius with sun. The air pressure is 1020 mb.
Adelaide- The temperature for Adelaide on Satruday will be around 19 degrees celcius with sun and cloud. The air pressure is 1017 mb.
Perth- The temperature for Perth on Satruday will be around 26 deggres celcius complete sun. The air pressure is 1020 mb.
Darwin- The temperature for Darwin on Satruday will be around 32 degrees celcius with complete sun. The air pressure is 1012 mb.
Hobart- The temperature for Hobart on Satruday will be around 11-14 degrees celcius rainy. The air pressure is 1017 mb.

Sunday
Sydney- The temperature for Sydney on Sunday will be around 18 degrees celcius with sun and a bit cloudy. The air pressure is 1016 mb.
Melbourne- The temperature for Melbourne on Sunday will be around 14- 18 degrees celcius with sun. The air pressure is 1017 mb.
Adelaide- The temperature for Adelaide on Sunday will be around 19 degrees celcius with sun and cloud. The air pressure is 1020 mb.
Perth- The temperature for Perth on Sunday will be around 26 deggres celcius complete sun. The air pressure is 1016 mb.
Darwin- The temperature for Darwin on Sunday will be around 32 degrees celcius with complete sun. The air pressure is 1012 mb.
Hobart- The temperature for Hobart on Sunday will be around 11-14 degrees celcius rainy. The air pressure is 1024 mb.

1. The contour interval on this map is 18ft. or 5.8 metres.
2. The scale of the map is 1.5cm to 1.6km.
3. The gradient of the line is 0.15m.

Source H Additional Questions

What is the distance and local relief between the centre of the pine plantation and the factory?

The distance between the centre of the pine plantation and the factory is 5km.

Give the Grid Reference for the Coal Mines as well as the local relief and distance between them.

- Coal Mine 1 is GR 830471

- Coal Mine 2 is GR 895475

The distance between them is 3.5km

Give the Grid Reference for the intersection of the walking track and sealed road.

GR 845440

Cape Town 5 Images

The Twelve Apostles

The twelve apostles are the rock mountains behind the city. They are basically just small mountains that stand above the city and close to the mountain well known as Table Mountain.

Table Mountain

South Africa is well known for its amazing scenery and its spectacular mountains. South Africa and Cape Town is known for its amazing mountains, The Twelve Apostles but more importantly Table Mountain. There is a cable car to get to the top of Table Mountain; on the top of the mountain, it has great views of Cape Town and the ocean and perhaps any islands surrounding.

Cape of Good Hope

The Cape of Good Hope is another spectacular place in Cape Town. It is at the bottom of South Africa. It is another tourist attraction.

Vineyards

The vineyards in Cape Town are known as the best in the whole of South Africa. That is where most of the wine is made. The houses used are usually Cape Dutch Architecture.
Spier Vineyard

At the Spier Vineyard they have pet cheetahs that people can go and touch and play with. All around South Africa there are game parks where there are wild animals but there are also parks or zoo's where there they keep animals such as lions, cheetah's etc. that are allowed to be played with. 
Seal Island

Seal Island is right next to Cape Town. It is an island next to the cape. It is over populated with seals however there are many predators that lurk underneath the sea. Cape Town is well known for the amount of Great White Sharks that swim around the beaches because the seas are of perfect temperatures for the sharks and that the fact that there are hundreds of seals that swim around as well.

2nd Part of Assessment Task 1 Revision Prep

There are many different views of whether Urban consolidation or Urban Sprawl is better. There are a lot of people who believe that Urban consolidation is not a good option; they believe that Urban consolidation is actually terrible. However people believe that housing in suburbs are better.
People believe that Urban consolidation is bad for the environment; they believe that it ruins the environment because of the carbon dioxide that comes out and they believe that it takes up a lot of space. It is also a problem for privacy reasons; if there is a house next to high rise apartment then there no actual privacy for the people living in the house because all the people on that side of the high rise building can see what the person in the house is doing, whether she's hanging the washing or doing anything else. However Urban Sprawl is harder because you have all the extra things you need to do, such as clean the garden etc. It is also harder because if you live in a house without having gas or air conditioning then you will need to buy gas, which is painful compared to urban consoldation (high rise buildings) being build with gas and air conditioning.

I spoke to people from both sides; one beleived that Urban sprawl was better than Urban Consolidation and the other believed that Urban consolidation was better than Urban sprawl. 
The person who was against urban consolidation said "Having more high rise buildings that fit more people, will have major impacts on Australia. There will be job shortages, human resources will probably run out, more pollution with both rubbish and garbage but also carbon dioxide from the fuels and light and sound pollution; it would also be very crowded, even more crowded than it already is. A huge problem will also be that more people will just migrate to Australia and more asylum seekers. For a person to live next door to a high rise building will be an invasion of privacy; people in the building will be able to watch the people living in the house because the building would be higher up, and so the people who live in the house will be watched nearly every time of the day. When they hang the washing, perhaps when they are having dinner, when they are entertaining their guests etc. it is just one huge invasion of privacy!"
The person who was against Urban sprawl said "Having high rise building's is the best thing because you can have lots of people staying in the one area an so the population can grow without taking up too much space. Living in a building will also mean that the rooms would already have internet, air conditioning and heating, and another advantage would be that the citizens who stay in the building wouldn't have to clean their garden as they wouldn't have a garden. Life would be just way easier!"

I beleive that the person who was against Urban Consolidation was more effective. Urban consolidation is not a good, having the invasion of privacy, having more pollution which will cause more natural disasters due to global warming, and we will run out of human resources such as petrol. I do believe that Urban Sprawl is a better urban thing to have and is a much healthier alternative to Urban consolidation.

1st Part of Assessment Task 1 Revison Prep

The population growth is going to have an impact on the cities. 
The population growth will cause there to be more urban consolidation and less urban sprawl, which will mean that there probably will be more angry citizens. Urban sprawl is where houses are build in a suburb (like Turrumurra or Wahroonga) and Urban Consolidation is high rising and is used to have more people living in one area and that way the population will grow and so people will all live in the same square metre. There will be more pollution due to the cause of the population growth increasing and as such there will also be more energy and electricity required to run the city and there will be less space and more condined space where it will be harder for people to move around in and harder for people to go to places without being in huge lines.

As Sydney's population grows to over 4.5 million, it's future population growth will be shaped by the force of globalisation. Sydney is a city where many of the manufacturing and industrial activities are being replaced by new technology and information-based industries. Sydney currently has 30% of Australia's occupations in the financial and business services and over 60% of the regional headquarters. 
Sydney itself has the biggest population of Australia with the population of 3 502 000 people, with the land area of 1687 km squared and has the population density of 2076 km squared. However it is a smaller population to Japan, Mumbai, Cairo, Paris, and London. The population growth in Sydney is predicted to be 40 600 people over the next 30 years. 

These statistics prove that Sydney and Australia will increase in population growth, and so will others in other countries. Sydney and Australia hasn't got the biggest population in the world, in fact it is one of the smallest but sill the population increase will impact the city to all sorts of problems like pollution, jobs decreasing and less wealthier people.

The population growth for Sydney will not be good and will cause harder life for people. It means that the human resources may run out, the energy and electricity could run out and in fact there will be needed more food and some people will be unemployed as most of the jobs will probably be taken and full.    

The government is the people who are allowing more high rise buildings to go up when there are plenty already. They are the ones who want to continue building the apartments; even when there aren't even any more needed.

Urban Sprawl or Urban Consolidation: Green Square

Green Square is an example of urban consolidation as it is going to house more people then Jordan Springs and it is smaller, so the only way of doing this is to make it urban consolidation and so it will have apartments (buildings, not houses).

The benefits of this area are that it will house more people in a small area then lots of people in a large area. It will be good for people who need to go on business trips as it is closer to the airport then some places. It is a reasonably good place for couples without children, rather than with families.

The negative side of this development is that it isn’t really a good place to have children there, so not a good place for a family. There may be sound pollution from planes because of being close to the air port. It could be crowded there and so there will be lots of people there, and that means lots of cars on the road or people walking around, so increase in population.   

Urban Sprawl and Consolidation: Jordan Springs

It is an example of urban consolidation because in Jordan Springs there is a new coming up suburb that will soon be built, and so it is a low density area. It will create more pressure on the public transport, but only buses. For each house there will be like a garage that can have two to three cars in it.

I believe it is a positive development because it provides more work/ job for people to have. There will be lots of places going up such as houses, shops, supermarkets, cafe’s and so provides a lot of job’s for people who need jobs. Unfortunately it will affect animal habitats and forests to create the actual suburb and so many animals will lose their homes and could probably die. There may be ferrel animals that may feed and probably will feed upon human waste and the trash from the people.

Examples of Urban Consolidation

Urban Consolidation is the redevelopment of parts of a city to achieve a higher population density, characterised by high-rise apartment complexes and villa developments. The city is full of buildings but not just work buildings such as Telstra or just business buildings but the city has apartments and high-rise buildings to accomodate more people in that area unlike urban sprawl. Urban consolidation is also in the outskirts where most of the urban sprawl is; such as Pacific Highway in Wahroonga near opposite Knox Grammar School.

Urban Consolidation on Pacific Highway

Examples of Urban Sprawl

Urban Sprawl is the characteristic of Australian cities where population growth has caused expansion outwards in size with the creation of new low-density suburbs. Suburbs like Turrumurra and Warrawee and Hornsby are in the outskirts (sort of) because we are North of the city, it is far from the city (not too far but reasonably far). Gosford is another example of urban sprawl.



Turrumurra



The Top 5 Most Least Expensive Suburbs

The top five less cheaper suburbs in Sydney are:

• Castle Hill
• Gordon
• Manly
• Blacktown
• Gosford

These suburbs are probably less cheap because they are in places that are hard to get to (e.g. the transport is perthetic unless have a car), they are probably in areas that don't have great views and they are also probably in areas that gangs may hang out (where a lot of violence happens) however some of the places may just be cheaper, without it meaning anything or having any problems with it; but most of the time they are the reasons for the less expensive.


Blacktown School



Top Five Expensive Suburbs

The top five expensive suburbs in Sydney are:

• Vauclose ($3.7 million)
• Bellevue Hill ($3.35 million)
• Dover Heights ($2.7 million)
• Palm Beach ($2.69 million)
• Woolwich ($2.48 million)

These suburbs are probably expensive to live in because they are probably areas that are near the sea, and they are probably in the better parts of the Sydney to be. They are also close to the city, being near all the good shops and being close to all the transport. The houses at these suburbs would probably be expensive because of the great sea view; so aesthetics.


A typical Vauclose house



Australia- The Urban Nation Questions (Page 213)

1. The term urban sprawl is when the city spreads outwards (increases) because more people have moved to the outskirts of the city called suburbs. (Example is Turrumurra)
2. Urban consolidation is when they build sky scrapers to accomodate more people (like hotel) or they build apartments and flats to accomodate more people that way it doesn't take too much space up so the government can build something else important there. 
3. A highly urbanised country is a country that has a huge population; and huge tourism industry. An example is Australia or was Japan (since 2011, March- The Earthquake and Tsunami)
4. Australia is a highly urbanised country because Sydney itself has a population of 3 502 000 people, land area 1687km squared, and 2076km squared population density.
5. The factors that have influenced the location of Australia's capital cities are that if anyone comes here on a holiday or for work they have a good time because Australia is such a nice place to be. Nice people, nice animals, nice cities (cleaner than some), great things to do, good weather etc. So basically tourism would influence the location of Australia (especially to the Americans who don't know where Australia is- no offence)
6. Population density is similar to the land area; except it is, how much space is left? Is it crowded? What is the air like. So it is very similar to the land area except it has its own features.
7. Australia isn't as big population as some countries, but it certainly has quite a big population. Japan, and a lot of countries in Europe have a more bigger population then Australia.
8. At the moment urban consolidation is increasing, which is driving people crazy, people hate having apartments and buildings with people living in them right next to their house as it is a huge invasion of their privacy. There will soon be more apartments and buildings acommodating people then housing.
9. Urban planners are the ones coming up with the ideas of building the apartments, flats, skyscraper apartments. They are the ones that are thinking about the ideas and then giving them to the ideas to the government so the government can actually do the building; of course using the tax money in which we pay.
10. a) Paris covers the largest land area. b) Population density is probably calculated by the tax and energy used and probably calculated via tally's. c) Australia has the most population density then, Melbourne, Adelaide, Woollongong, Perth, Gold Coast, New Castle, Canberra, Brisbane and Gosford.
11. The people living below the apartments will probably be furious. They will have to put up with being covered by the huge building and they will probably always have people invading their privacy, people looking in from their own windows. There will probably be not very much space to park around there and it will probably always be busy.
12. Living in apartments would be nice because you can actually have air conditioners, and heaters whereas you may not have that living in a house. You wouldn't have to clean the garden because there would be cleaners who do that (the bottom garden as you wouldn't have a garden)

Urban Renew and Decay Vocab

Aesthetics- Aesthetics is the way something looks. It is a branch of of philosophy dealing with beauty and taste, and art and with the creation of beauty. The Eiffel Tower is an example of urban aesthetics as it is very beautiful, especially at night when the the lights are on; shining the tower.

Safety- Safety is a quality of being safe, not causing injury, danger or loss of loved ones (death). There are items that stop people from being in danger or help people to understand that danger is near and they are signs. There are danger signs all around cities and places to prevent people from doing things, going places of danger.

Slums- Often slums are thickly populated, run-down, morally degraded part of a city, mostly inhabited by poor people. In India there are many slums around. When walking on the side of a road you can see slums all around and poor people cleaning their clothes and bathing in the only water source (the water that people drink. Slums are usually in poorer third world countries.

Decay- Decay is the gradual falling into an inferior condition in an object. It is the process in which part of a city or even a city falls into a state not suitable for living in. It becomes dangerous place (meaning that bad people and gangs tend to hang around it) and that levels or items may collapse within the place that has decayed. The picture shows that if not cared for properly then it becomes neglected and less aprreciated by society.

Reconstruction and Renewal- Reconstruction and renewal is opposite to 'decay'. It is the process where decayed parts of the city or society is reconstructed into beautiful and civilised places. Most of the time, when places are reconstructed the crime rates go down because there is people living there however it may not completely go down.

Transport- Transprt is to carry, move, or convey from one place to another. Another way of understanding is it's the act of transporting or conveying. Transport has to fit in with its surroundings (it has to fit), so if it was a very crammed street in a city, would you be able to fit a train there? A lot of transport is being placed underground such as train stations (trains) and tunnels of which cars travel through. Transport is also used on bridges such as the Sydney Harbour Bridge.

Suburbanization- Suburbanization is similar to towns, except towns are really big and suburubs are not as big. Suburbanziation is basically just residential communities living in the outskirts of a city. Most of the people live in suburbs rather than in the city and so that statistic shows that the city is no longer the more popular place to live in.

Environmental Factors- Environmental Factors are just factors that are of matter. They are factors that the councils and governments need to see to getting them fixed other wise there won't be a complete functional running city. Environmental Factors are also finding away to fix problems, it is to fix a problem such as a city is build next to a river and then the other half of the city is built on the other side then what would they do? They would build a bridge and so that way they can get across to both sides of the city. An example could be Sydney Harbour Bridge.

Light and Sound- Light and sound are found everyday, everywhere around cities. Sounds can be really loud and so annoys people in cities as well as it causes sound pollution, which is nearly as bad as the transport noises and light in the city is so bright that it can be seen from miles away and light also causes light pollution. The city never sleeps. The lights use up lots of energy and electricity and so thats where all the energy is used up from.

Chapter 7.8 Dune Revegetation at Stuarts Point Questions

1. The coastal dune management area that is of the is Stuarts Point and it is a small coastal village located on the mid-north coast of New South Wales. Stuarts Point was conducted on the sand dunes. Stuarts Point dune area is 5km long with its width varying from between 200 to 400 metres.
2. The Timeline below is in bulletform:
   

   1893- The mouth of the Macleay River in 1893 was just south of Grassy Head headland.

   1965- The Solid Conservation Service provided native plant seedlings and planting advice to the association of Stuarts Point in what was to be the start of the revegetation program for the dunes.

   1970- In 1970 a joint venture involving the Department of Lands, the Department of Public Works, the Macleay Shire Council, and the Soil Conservation Service of New South Wales was established.
3. The role of the local community is to keep planting more plants and to keep the revegetation going because if the planting is stopped then the beach could be and the people, and even housing could be threatened.
4. The Sand Dune area is important to the people of Stuarts Point because other than the great publicity and tourism it gets, it could possibly prevent the safety of the beach and properties around the beach. Everything could be threatened and dangerous as well as loss of money from tourism.
5. The natural vegetation succession on sand dunes is pretty big. There is vegetation on the incipient dune (grasses and creepers), the fore dune (shrubs and short lived trees), and then there is the hind dune (long-lived trees).
6. Vegetation is so important in stabalising sand dunes because the vegetation prevents the sand from blowing away. It keeps the sand and minerals fixed in space. If the sand blows away then the dune could blow away and then there would be know dune; and if there is a settlement or something built on the dune and it blows away then the settlement or building may collapse. 
7. The cattle grazing on the sand dunes made it very fragile and made the vegetation on it, become destroyed. The vegetation was either stepped on or eaten by cows and other animals.
8. The changes that would have occurred would have been that with the vegetation gone, the only thing showing would have been plain sand. Deposition would have occurred because without the vegetation the sand would have been left unprotected and not fixed together and so the wind would have been able to and probably transported the sand and minerals elsewhere.
9. The groups involved in the rehablititation program were the Soil Conservation of NSW, the Department of Public works and the Macleay Shire Council, the Department of Land, the Local Stuarts Point community, and the Stuarts Point Progress Association.
10. The first stage involved is using a tractor to form a small foredune. On top of this a dune-forming; a fence was constructed. Coastal Spinifex and marram grass was then placed onto it. The second stage involved planting trees along the riverbank to stabilise the western area. They then planted native seedlings in the area between the foredune and the riverbank. Then fast growing wattle were planted then coastal tertiary species were planted.  
11. The geographical processes that would have caused the mouth to silt up was longshore transportation, longshore drift and deposition. Which causes it to prevent any access of boats.
12. Revegatetaion helped do a lot of things for a lot of things; some things were: Stabalising sand dunes- the stabalisation of the sand dunes were very successful as they are still there and haven't been blown away. There is now little evidence that the sand blows away because of wind; only the sand that doesn't have plants on it. Protecting the Macleay River Ecosystem- this was of great success as well because the council's managed to replant the vegetation and plants on the dunes without causing harm or effecting them. There is only one issue though, a plant called the Bitou Bush, which is a harmful weed that is spreading all over and around the dunes and the dune systems. Benefiting groups from the local community- was a huge success, the community now has an easy accessible pathway.

Summary of TRESB Project

TRESB PROJECT
 The Problem which lead to the TRESB Project:
The problem that lead to the TRESB project was that in the 1950's the enterence of the Tweed River became a hazard to shipping because of sandbars that were forming across the river mouth.
The Soultion to the problem:

The solution to solve the problem of the beaches immediately north of the Tweed being deprived of the natural supply of sand, the

accumulating sand at the river mouth was periodically dredged and trucked to the Gold Coast where it was used for beach nourishment.

The result of the project. What areas are effected and how? Do you think that it was a success?

The sand is pumped from the South side of the beach (where the Tweed River mouth is) to other beaches around the area, that way they get more sand but they may get more sand then needed. I think it is a success because at least it prevents the formation of sandbars building up across the Tweed River mouth.

                                                     

Transverse Waves

A transverse wave is a moving wave that consists of oscillations occurring perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer. If a transverse wave is moving in the positive x-direction, its oscillations are in up and down directions that lie in the y-z plane.
Transverse waves were discovered by a man who was sitting on a beach with his family in Queensland, near Noosa. He was sitting there when he discovered that the waves consisted of oscillations that were occurring perpendicular to the energy transfer. So he went home that night and thought of a name and he had measured the size of the wave.
The wind comes from a North direction near Papua New Guinea. Thats close to wear they start and they come down.

It is very close to where the Great Barrier Reef is. However it is not exactly on the Great Barrier Reef. It is on the beach near Noosa.
Where the waves occur is all over but it happens a lot near Noosa, where the beach is. 
These waves in my opinion would be fine to surf, though they may be little small as some surfers like the waves bigger, but not too big.

Science of Big Waves

PRE-VIEW QUESTIONS
1. Where do ocean waves come from? What gets them started?
   Ocean Waves come from out to sea but they only break near the beach, of where the sand is. The wind causes the waves but it can sometimes be caused by a natural hazard such as a hurricane or tornado.

2. What do you think a surfer should know about waves before they try and ride a wave while surfing?
     They should know about what causes waves, about how waves are formed, about all the types of wave  types and currents. They should know the weather for that day, whether it be a tornado day or just windy day or whether it is a nice day.

VIDEO QUESTIONS
1. Some of the waves that were seen were constructive waves which are small-low waves that deposit sand onto the beach. There was also what looked like a destructive wave which is a large wave that is formed by a tropical cyclone or storm. There looked like longshore drift as well that was also seen at the beach; it is where the wave or drift drifts down the coast. One more thing seen was refraction, which is the bending of waves around headlands and into bays and surf and swash.

2. Waves are formed by the weather. The weather forms the waves depending on the weather, so if it's good weather such as a nice day the waves should be fine but if it's windy and a nice day or windy and a bad day the waves will more likely become big and really good for surfers but that is when it becomes dangerous because of currents and longshore drift. The wind blows the top of the ocean and so it moves the top of which the energy moves around and around. If there is a tropical cyclone or a tornado then the waves become very dangerous and unsafe to be near the beach. Fetch is the distance that wind travels over the ocean to form waves, wavelength is the horizontal distance between peaks (of the waves) is also used to measure waves and wave height is the vertical distance between the trough and the peak of the wave is another way of measuring waves.


3. A maverick wave is a hug wave smaller than a tsunami but is still very big. It is described as a Mount Everest of the surfing world. Most people who try and surf it fail and get injured. It can often catch surfers unaware.

4. Energy is stored and transferred by the wind. The wind moves the top of the surface of the water and makes it move, and so the wave rolls the water and the water continues rolling (moving) down to the beach until it reaches a sand bar, of where the sand starts getting higher and as the sea floor gets higher the wave get higher causing peaks like mountains and when the sand is really high because it's close to the sea shore where people swim and surf the waves break, which forms a current down to the shore, sometimes longshore drift.

5. My advice would be to stay away from the huge waves such as a maverick wave as it is very dangerous and could cause major injury such as paraplegic or even worse, death. If surfers wish to surf those waves then so be it, I would let them surf it but if they get injured or died then I wouldn't feel sympthetic to them, only the family. It's fine for them to surf smaller waves.

Definitions for Chapter 7: Coasts

Constructive waves—small low-energy waves that deposit sand onto beaches.

Corrasion—occurs when waves crash over rock shelves and move rock and other material helping to erode the rock shelf away.

Corrosion—the actions of salt on minerals like iron that are contained in rock, weakening the rock and making it more susceptible to erosion.

Deposition—the depositing of sand and rock particles caused by wind and wave action forming features such as beaches.

Destructive waves—large waves formed by tropical cyclones and storms that erode material from beaches.

Erosion—the removal of rock and sand particles as a result of wind and wave action.

Fetch—the distance that wind travels over the ocean to form Waves.

Foredune—the closest dune to the ocean or the first dune in a sand dune system.

Hydraulic action—where waves enter cracks in rocks, air is compressed by the force of the water causing erosion and forming features such as blow holes.

Longshore drift—the process, caused by waves hitting the coast at an angle, which is responsible for moving sand along the coast.

Refraction—the bending of waves around headlands and into bays surf and swash zone—the active part of the coast in terms of erosion and deposition of sand by wave action; the surf zone is immediately adjacent to the coast and the swash zone is at the shore once the waves have broken vegetation.

Succession—the natural progression of vegetation from low-lying, salt-tolerant plants on the foredune, through to shrubs and established trees on the hind dunes.

Wave height—the vertical distance between the trough and the peak of a wave

Wavelength—the horizontal distance between waves peaks